‘The GCC’s Economic Diplomacy in a Multi-Polar World‘ in Middle East Journal, Vol. 79, No. 1, 2026.
Trump’s 2025 return ushered in protectionist trade policies that have reshaped global economic relationships, presenting the Gulf Cooperation Council monarchies with both strategic challenges and opportunities. While subjected to a relatively modest 10 percent tariff, they must carefully navigate their deepening economic ties with China—now their largest trading partner—alongside advanced negotiations with the UK and EU. The Gulf thus faces a critical policy juncture, balancing traditional US relationships against rapidly expanding Asian partnerships as well as fresh European integration prospects.
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